Suchergebnisse

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar los aspectos más relevantes de la explicación neoinstitucionalista del desarrollo económico y sus críticas. A tal fin, se da cuenta de las principales argumentaciones de la "Nueva economía política del desarrollo" y de la "Economía política de la colonización". A continuación se exponen las reflexiones de analistas vinculados a los estudios poscoloniales, que ponen en duda la validez de los esquemas de análisis político que subyacen a las interpretaciones del conflicto en el África poscolonial, y las realizadas por los teóricos latinoamericanos ligadas al rechazo a la occidentalización. El estudio finaliza con unas reflexiones críticas sobre la reconstrucción histórica del proceso de desarrollo realizada por la economía ortodoxa y su excesivo énfasis en la relación entre instituciones y desarrollo.

La globalización ha incumplido sus promesas: África ha sido explotada, Latinoamérica decepcionada y sólo el este asiático —que había ignorado las recetas del Consenso de Washington— tuvo un relativo éxito (Stiglitz, 2006). En los años ochenta, los estados africanos recibieron ayuda condicionada a un ajuste estructural que tuvo un costo social muy alto. En los noventa, la ayuda se condicionó a la "gobernabilidad", que incluía la democratización, la supresión de la corrupción y la transparencia. El resultado fue un "falso" proceso democratizador, que dio lugar a una conformación social y que Mbembe llama "gobierno privado indirecto". En América Latina han aumentado los desequilibrios externos y la concentración de la riqueza en el interior. La baja calidad institucional se manifiesta en una burocracia y un sistema legal ineficaces y en una escasa credibilidad estatal y gubernamental, a su vez intrínsecamente vinculadas a las deficiencias en el desarrollo del Estado y a las agudas desigualdades socioeconómicas.

1. Invention, institutional change and economic development: from Scottish Enlightenment to the IPE -- 2. Friedrich List, contemporaries and followers: national innovation policies revisited -- 3. Transhumanism as alienation in Marx's humanist approach -- 4. Energy efficiency, productivity and the Jevons paradox -- 5. Max Weber: Science, Technology and Knowledge -- 6. Schumpeter and Austrian economics on innovation -- 7. The Neoclassical approach, its crisis and the Schumpeterian echo in the current paradigm of the economic analysis of Technological Change -- 8. Some misconceptions regarding innovation (and how reading the classics might help to overcome them) -- 9. Sustainability and technological progress -- 10. Technological unemployment as a historical debate -- 11. On the controversies on capital as a selection between paradigms -- 12. Influence of Schumpeter in the national context -- 13. Institutional problems for innovation although inventions are available -- 14. Conclusion and future research.

AbstractSince the 1970s, neoliberalism has evolved from ideology to political agenda, from political program to public policy, and from public policy to a system that replaces democratic control over economic policy with a system of elite economic management. This process of change has been possible due to the endorsement of a meta‐political theory that destroys democracy and legitimizes technocratic despotism, financial deregulation, the debasement of labor into a new proletariat, and the purging of constitutional politics. In this article, we analyze this profound transformation of social and legal relations in the "euro system" and, specifically, in the regressive policies that have emerged from the "crisis" in Spain, a peripheral country of the European Union. The problems in contemporary Europe are a direct consequence of the neoliberal version of European economic unity. Their solution will depend on the capacity of the member states to create a social Europe that strengthens institutional democracy and develops universal systems of social protection. This, in turn, will depend on the ability of citizens to remodel state institutions in accordance with new social goals that place life at the center.

Los recientes debates sobre el papel de las instituciones en el desarrollo han mostrado la existencia de dos grandes corrientes teóricas en lo que al pensamiento institucionalista se refiere: la "Nueva Economía Institucional" y la "Economía Política Institucionalista". La primera, encabezada por premios Nobel de Economía como Ronald Coase, Douglass North, Oliver Williamson y Elinor Ostrom, ha sido ampliamente analizada y documentada. En cuanto a la Economía Política Institucionalista, aún puede apreciarse un vacío importante de contribuciones académicas que analicen sus raíces y sus principales aportaciones. El presente artículo trata de superar, en parte, esta laguna mostrando las aportaciones principales de la que, a juicio de algunos autores, puede considerarse como la única corriente "explícitamente institucionalista", la Economía Política Institucional (EPI), que se sitúa en torno a la obra de Ha-Joon Chang. El objetivo del trabajo es doble: ofrecer una aproximación a la EPI y realizar una propuesta de clasificación de las instituciones a partir de las contribuciones de sus principales autores. ; The recent debates on the role of institutions in development are revealing two major theoretical currents: the "New Institutional Economics" and the "Institutional Political Economy". The New Institutional Economics, whose most notable representatives are Nobel prizes Ronald Coase, Douglass North, Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom, have been thoroughly examined and analyzed. There is however in the Institutional Political Economy (IPE) an important void of academic works that analyze its roots and its main contributions. This paper tries to fill this gap in that literature. The main goal of this paper is twofold: to offer an approximation of IPE and to suggest a classification and an interpretation of institutions, incorporating the perspectives of the main figures in the field.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Prologue: Neoliberalism or neoliberalisms? Ideology, governmentality and real-world "experiments" -- Part One Neoliberal policies -- Section 1 Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1 The structural adjustment programme and a new political order -- 2 The neoliberal narrative of growth in Africa: The Afro-optimistic discourse -- 3 Neoliberal programmes in Africa south of the Sahara: Gender-blindness and development "laundering" -- Section 2 Latin America -- 4 Globalization as a "simulation" of development: Beyond the Washington Consensus in Latin America -- 5 The new imperialism beyond conquest: Free markets, democracy and social protest -- 6 Deterritorialization of the local: The role of gender in the case of the state of Puebla (Mexico) -- Section 3 Europe -- 7 Tales of passage from the North to the South and back: Constitutionalizing (European) neoliberalism -- 8 The euro system as a laboratory for neoliberalism and colonialism -- 9 A decade of austerity politics and neoliberal reform: Overview of the Greek financial crisis (2010-2020) -- Part Two Post-development, alternatives to development and transitions -- 10 Moving from postcolonial critiques of development towards alternatives to development in Africa -- 11 At the Razor's edge of democracy: Authoritarian capitalism and decolonial international feminisms -- 12 Europe and the economic "lessons" of COVID-19: Ecofeminism and development alternatives -- Epilogue -- Index.

"Since the 1970s, neoliberalism has evolved from ideology to political programme, from political programme to public policy, and from public policy to constitutional rule. This process of change has been made possible through the endorsement of an uncritical, a-historical, and apolitical economic theory that legitimized technocratic despotism, financial deregulation, precarious labour, and constitutional-political emptying. This book examines critical perspectives in mainstream neoliberal development analysis. It examines the neoliberal experiment as a global historical construct through the cases of Africa, Latin America, and Europe. The analysis begins in 1980 with the Structural Adjustment Plans in Latin America and Africa, followed in 1990 by Maastricht in the case of Europe and the euphoric shift that took place, typified by the "Africa Rising" narrative, which attempts to promote the idea of an economically emerging continent. It also considers the weakness of the state resulting from neo-liberal austerity and fiscal stabilization policies, which have amplified the inability to collectively deal with the social, economic, and political impact of the COVID-19 crisis. One of the key features of the book is the extensive comparative analysis between regions, using case studies, including examples from African countries. The authors connect the different regional perspectives, included in the book, in a clear and coherent way, such that it will appeal to students and scholars interested in the social, economic, and political outcomes of globalization and will also be of interest to official development agencies and third sector organizations in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe."